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INVESTIGATION OF RUTTING, FRACTURE, AND THERMAL CRACKING BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT MASTIC CONTAINING BASALT AND HYDRATED LIME FILLERS
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INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the quest for durable, resilient, and sustainable asphalt mixtures has gained significant momentum among researchers and civil engineers alike. This interest stems from the increasing demands on pavement infrastructure, which must withstand complex loading conditions, environmental fluctuations, and aging processes. The study of asphalt mastic, a fundamental component of asphalt mixtures, is particularly vital because it directly influences the overall performance, longevity, and safety of pavements.
This research investigates how incorporating specific mineral fillers—namely basalt and hydrated lime—affects the mechanical and thermal properties of asphalt mastic. The focus is on understanding how these fillers influence critical failure modes such as rutting, fracture, and thermal cracking, which are notorious for compromising pavement integrity over time. The ultimate goal is to enhance asphalt formulations to resist deformation and cracking under various stressors, thereby extending their service life and reducing maintenance costs.
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BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE

Asphalt mastic serves as the binder matrix that embeds aggregates, providing cohesion and flexibility. Its performance is inherently linked to its composition, particularly the type and amount of fillers added. Fillers are fine materials introduced into asphalt to modify properties like stiffness, adhesion, and resistance to deformation.
Basalt, a volcanic rock, is known for its high strength, stability, and mineral content, making it an attractive filler candidate. Due to its mineralogical composition, basalt can enhance the load-bearing capacity of asphalt, reducing rutting—a form of permanent deformation caused by repeated traffic loads. Meanwhile, hydrated lime, a calcium hydroxide-based material, is appreciated for its ability to improve adhesion, reduce moisture susceptibility, and modify rheological properties.
The motivation behind this study lies in the diverse effects these fillers have on asphalt behavior. Rutting, fracture, and thermal cracking are complex phenomena influenced by material properties, environmental conditions, and traffic patterns. Therefore, understanding the interaction of basalt and hydrated lime within the asphalt matrix is essential for developing more durable pavements.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research involved preparing asphalt mastic samples with varying proportions of basalt and hydrated lime fillers. The base asphalt binder was characterized to determine its initial rheological properties. Fillers were added at different concentrations—usually ranging from 5% to 15% by weight—to observe their influence on the mixture.
To simulate real-world conditions and evaluate performance, a series of laboratory tests were conducted. These included:
- Rutting tests: Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and wheel tracking tests to measure the deformation resistance under high temperatures and sustained loads.
- Fracture tests: Indirect tensile tests and fracture energy assessments to evaluate the material’s ability to resist cracking.
- Thermal cracking simulation: Low-temperature bending tests and thermal stress tests to analyze susceptibility to cracking due to thermal contraction.
Advanced characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) helped analyze the microstructure and chemical interactions between asphalt binder and fillers. These insights provided a microscopic understanding of how basalt and hydrated lime affect the asphalt's internal cohesion and response to stress.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The findings reveal fascinating insights into the role of fillers:
Rutting Resistance:
As expected, basalt-filled asphalt mastic showed considerable improvement in resisting rutting. The high stiffness and load-bearing capacity of basalt contributed to reduced permanent deformation, especially at elevated temperatures. This is because basalt particles increased the modulus of elasticity, enabling the asphalt to distribute and bear loads more effectively. Conversely, hydrated lime also improved rutting resistance but to a lesser extent, primarily due to its influence on adhesion and binder stiffness.
Fracture Behavior:
When analyzing fracture resistance, the presence of hydrated lime emerged as a significant factor. The lime enhanced the adhesion between the binder and aggregates, which in turn increased the fracture energy absorption capacity. This meant the asphalt could withstand more strain before cracking. Basalt, while strong, tended to make the asphalt more brittle, especially at lower temperatures, potentially increasing the risk of thermal cracking if used excessively.
Thermal Cracking:
Thermal behavior was markedly affected by the type of filler. Asphalt mixtures with hydrated lime exhibited better flexibility at low temperatures, reducing the likelihood of thermal cracking. This is attributed to lime’s ability to improve the elastic recovery of the asphalt binder, allowing it to accommodate contraction without cracking. Conversely, basalt fillers increased stiffness, which could be detrimental during cold conditions, making the pavement more susceptible to cracking when exposed to severe thermal stresses.
Microstructural Analysis:
SEM images demonstrated that basalt particles formed a dense network within the asphalt matrix, contributing to mechanical reinforcement. Meanwhile, lime particles appeared to promote better adhesion by creating chemical bonds with the binder, leading to improved cohesion and moisture resistance. FTIR results showed some chemical interactions between the lime and asphalt binder, which contributed to the overall stability of the mixture.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The comprehensive analysis underscores that integrating basalt and hydrated lime fillers into asphalt mastic yields contrasting yet complementary effects. Basalt enhances high-temperature performance, significantly reducing rutting, but could compromise low-temperature flexibility if overused. Hydrated lime, on the other hand, boosts fracture toughness and thermal cracking resistance, especially in colder climates.
Therefore, a balanced approach—optimizing the proportion of each filler—is essential for designing asphalt mixtures tailored to specific environmental and traffic conditions. For instance, in hot climates with high traffic loads, a higher basalt content might be favored to prevent rutting. Conversely, in colder regions, incorporating more hydrated lime could mitigate thermal cracking risks.
Further research should explore the long-term durability and aging characteristics of these modified mixtures. Incorporating other additives or modifiers, such as polymers or rubber particles, could also enhance performance further. Ultimately, this study advocates for a nuanced, scientifically grounded approach to asphalt mixture design—one that considers the complex interactions between materials, environment, and loadings.
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FINAL THOUGHTS

In conclusion, the investigation reveals that the strategic use of basalt and hydrated lime fillers can substantially improve the mechanical and thermal behavior of asphalt mastic. By understanding these interactions, engineers can develop more resilient, durable, and sustainable pavements, reducing maintenance costs and enhancing safety for road users. The key lies in optimizing filler proportions and leveraging their unique properties to meet specific performance criteria under diverse conditions.
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ترجمۀ مقاله Investigation of rutting, fracture and thermal cracking behavior of asphalt mastic containing basalt and hydrated lime fillers

ترجمۀ مقاله Investigation of rutting, fracture and thermal cracking behavior of asphalt mastic containing basalt and hydrated lime fillers بررسی گودی ، شکستگی و رفتار ترک خوردگی حرارتی لایه آسفالت حاوی پرکننده های بازالت و آهک هیدراته چکیده مطالعه حاضر به منظور تعيين پوسيدگي ، شكستگي و مقاومت در برابر ترك خوردگي حرارتي ماستيك آسفالت حاوي پرکننده هاي بي اثر و فعال انجام شد. در این مطالعه یک اتصال چسبان کنترل ( AC-30) به همراه بازالت ( B) به عنوان یک پرکننده بی حرکت و آهک هیدراته  (HL) به عنوان پرکننده فعال انتخاب شدند. اسیدهای آسفالت برای درصدهای مختلف پرکننده HL) ،5، 10 ، 15 و 20 درصد) آماده سازی شدند ، به گونه ای که نسبت فیلر به اتصال دهنده   (F / B) ، 0.8می شود. در مجموع پنج ترکیب از لایه  آسفالت تهیه شده است از جمله: AC-30 + 80 ٪ B + 0 ٪ HL ، AC-30 + 75 ٪ B + 5 ٪ HL ، AC-30 + 70 ٪ B + 10 ٪ HL ، AC -30 + 65 ٪ B + 15 ٪ HL و  .AC-30 + 60 ٪ B + 20 ٪ HL. مقاومت به شكستگي ، شكستگي و مقاومت در برابر ترك خوردگي حرارتي آستانه هاي آسفالت به ترتي ...

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